PERIWINKLE (SADABAHAR) -Catharanthus roseus
FACTS AND BENEFITS
•Madagascar periwinkle
•Rose periwinkle
• Rosy periwinkle
• red periwinkle
•Cape periwinkle
• Old maid
• Ram-goat rose
• Myrtle
•Magdalena
Scientific Name(s)
Catharanthus roseus
Other names
ØC. roseus is known as boa-noite ("good night") and maria-sem-vergonha ("shameless maria", name shared with Impatiens and Thunbergiaalata) in Brazilian Portuguese
ØVinca-de-madagáscar, vinca-de-gato ("cats' vinca"), vinca-branca (white vinca), vinca or boa-noite in European Portuguese
Øİzmir Güzeli ("Smyrna beauty") in Turkish, indicating the city that has the best climate conditions for it to flourish in Turkey
ØNithya Kalyani (நித்ய கல்யாணி)
PERIWINKLE (SADABAHAR)
•Native to the west indies
Flowers are white to dark pink with a darker red centre, with a basal tube 2.5–3 cm (1.0–1.2 in) long and a corolla 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) diameter with five petal-like lobes.
Leaves are oval to oblong, 2.5–9 cm (1.0–3.5 in) long and 1–3.5 cm (0.4–1.4 in) broad, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole 1–1.8 cm (0.4–0.7 in) long; they are arranged in opposite pairs.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES LEAVES
•Native to the west indies
•It first was described in madagascar.
•Evergreen shrub
•Native to Madagascar
•In the wild, it is an endangered plant
•The main cause of decline is habitat destruction by slash and burn agriculture.
•Periwinkle is a perennial herb with flowers
•Bloom throughout the year, depending on the climate
•These often are bred for their unique colours,
•Colors ranging from white to green-yellow and lavender
•The related plant vinca minor (common periwinkle, myrtle) is used as a ground cover.
MORPHOLOGY
Flowers are white to dark pink with a darker red centre, with a basal tube 2.5–3 cm (1.0–1.2 in) long and a corolla 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) diameter with five petal-like lobes.
Leaves are oval to oblong, 2.5–9 cm (1.0–3.5 in) long and 1–3.5 cm (0.4–1.4 in) broad, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole 1–1.8 cm (0.4–0.7 in) long; they are arranged in opposite pairs.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES LEAVES
•Vomit
•Young leaves for stomach cramps
•Alkaloids anti-cancer
•As an application to wasp, beestings
ROOT
•Purgative, vermifuge,depurative,hemostatic
•For dysentery
•Antibacterial, anti-fungal
FLOWER
•Extract used for eyewash in infants
•Asthma
Phytochemical elements
o Alkaloids
o Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids(MIAs)
o Vinblastine
o Vincristine
o Vinflunine
o Ajmalicine
o Serpentine
oCatharanthine
o Vindoline
o Reserpine
VINCRISTINE & VINBLASTINE
CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS –STUDIED EXTENSIVELY FOR ITS REMARKABLE ANTICANCER CONSTITUENTS
VINCRISTINE & VINBLASTINE.
These two are very powerful anticancerous compounds of terpenoid indole alkaloids. The productivity of vinblastine and vincristine is very low in plants (0.001-0.0003%) resulting in their extraordinary high price. This poses a serious challenge to all including biotechnologists as to improve the yield and reduce unit cost.
Vincristine – c46h56n4o10, more active, less stable, less used, used in acute leukaemia, especially in children.
Vinblastine -c46h58n4o9, more used, is used for Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, melanoma, and testicular cancer.
MISCELLANEOUS USES
Periwinkle alkaloids have been used in the treatment of leukaemia, Hodgkin disease, malignant lymphomas, neuroblastoma, wilms tumor, kaposi sarcoma, mycosisfungoides, to improve cerebral blood flow, and treat high blood pressure.
The most well known of the "vinca" alkaloids derived from c. Roseus are vinblastine (vincaleukoblastine,velban) and vincristine (leurocristine, oncovin), which are now widely used pharmaceutical anticancer agents. An extensive body of literature exists on the clinical uses of the various purified alkaloids of Catharanthus.
SIDE EFFECT
Vinblastine-
CAUSES BIRTH DEFECTS SO NOT USED FOR PREGNANT, BONE MARROW DAMAGE IS A LIMITING FACTOR
Vincristine-
NEUROTOXICITY IS A DOSE-LIMITING FACTOR THAT CAUSES DAMAGE TO PERIPHERAL NS
ØPeriwinkle was already referred to as a medicinal plant at the time of PedaniusDioscorides (1st century AD), who recommended the use of the herb for toothache and poisonous insect stings and animal bites.
ØPliny the Elder (23-79 CE), a Roman naturalist and philosopher, wrote that in his time it was widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.
ØIn the Middle Ages, periwinkle was often recommended as a treatment for sore throat, nosebleeds, and various lung diseases and it was a common ingredient in many love potions popular at that time.
ØMedieval herbal literature also refers to the herb as a remedy for a headache, dizziness, and lapses of memory.
ØIn France, the periwinkle was regarded as a symbol of friendship.
Medicinal Applications of Periwinkle
ØPeriwinkle has tonic, astringent (contracting), styptic, antihypertensive, vasodilatory (widening of the blood vessels) and diuretic properties.
ØAs an astringent, the herb can be used both internally and externally. The main application of the herb is for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding, either during menstruation (menorrhagia) or bleeding between periods (metrorrhagia).
ØIt can also be used for digestive problems such as gastritis (inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining) and diarrhoea by strengthening the mucous membranes resulting in reduced fluid or blood loss.
ØThe astringent effect of periwinkle can be exploited by using extracts of the leaves externally as a mouthwash or a gargle for a sore throat, gingivitis and mouth ulcers, and as a washing, wet compresses or covers to treat minor skin inflammations, eczema, milk scab, vaginal discharge, and wounds. Furthermore, the herb has also been used to halt nosebleeds by placing the leaves directly into the nostrils.
The Active Substance Vincamine
ØIn 1953, vincamine was identified as the main active ingredient in periwinkle and soon after the chemical structure of the substance was mapped.
ØStudies have shown that patients suffering from poor memory, behavioural disorders, speech disturbances, irritability, restlessness, dizziness, and headaches showed significant improvement when administered vincamine.
ØToday, there are a number of pharmaceutical medications for various ailments that contain this substance.
ØHowever, it soon became apparent that vincamine had very specific actions on the blood flow to the brain. Possibly due to the strengthening and softening effect the substance has on the thin arteries, which in turn improves blood supply to the brain and the inner ear.
ØThe main indications for vincamine seem to be for mild forms of high blood pressure (hypertension), vascular retinopathy associated with hypertension, Meniere’s disease (a disorder of the inner ear causing dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss, pressure or pain), cerebral arteriosclerosis, dementia and some symptoms cause a stroke.
ØNeither lesser periwinkle nor greater periwinkle contain the anti-cancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine (potent cytotoxins) which are found in the closely related plant Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthusroseus/Vinca rosea)
Periwinkle Tea Benefits
ØLowers Blood Sugar and Blood Pressure Levels
ØFights Cancer
ØImproves Your Memory
ØTreats Bleeding Gums and Mouth Sores
ØPeriwinkle Tea Helps in Fending off Memory Loss and Senility
ØTreats lung congestion and sore throats
ØReduces chances of hearing loss
ØVinpocetine found in the Tea works as a Calcium-Chelating Mediator
What are the constituents of Periwinkle Tea?
The tea is rich in alkaloids. The vinca has at least 86 different alkaloids including vincamine vinblastine, vincristine, vinpocetine alstonine, , leurocristine, ajmalicine and reserpine.
Periwinkle Tea Preparation
To make a cup of Periwinkle tea, you will need a teaspoon of dried periwinkle leaves. Pour the leaves into a cup full of boiling water and let it steep for 5-10 minutes. Once steeping is done, strain to remove the herbs. After staining your cup of the healthy periwinkle, tea is done. Most people find the tea too bitter. You can sweeten it by adding honey or fruit juice or even Stevia.
Dosage and Administration
ØAs tea: Add one teaspoon of the dried herb to one cup of boiling water. Steep for 10 to 15 minutes and then strain. For therapeutic purposes, three cups can be drunk daily.
ØAs a tincture: 1-2 ml three times a day.
ØAs a gargle: Two tablespoons of the dried herb boiled in ½ litre of water for a few minutes.
ØSince periwinkle is slightly toxic, internal self-medication of the herb is now discouraged.
ØIf the herb is intended for internal medicinal uses it should only be done under the guidance of a trained herbalist or another professional healthcare provider.
Possible Side Effects and Interactions of Periwinkle
ØPeriwinkle is slightly poisonous and ingesting excessive amounts of the herb can be dangerous. In large quantities, the herb can be harmful to the kidneys and nervous system, causing problems in the digestive tract and serious hypotension.
ØAlso, the plant contains substances that can irritate the skin and mucous membranes.
ØTreatments for periwinkle poisoning may include; inducing vomiting and administration of activated charcoal.
ØThe herb should never be used during pregnancy.
ØVincamine, or extracts containing standardized vincamine content, should only be used if prescribed by a medical doctor.
ØVincamine preparations should not be used in cases of brain tumours, retinal bleeding or during pregnancy, and should not be used in conjunction with loop diuretics, laxatives, and arrhythmia medications.
Reference
•https://www.foxnews.com/health/rosy-periwinkle-a-life-saving-https://www.onlymyhealth.com/periwinkle-tea-controlling-diabetes-1351685163planthttps://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-637/madagascar-periwinklehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC194756/
•https://food.ndtv.com/health/sadabahar-for-diabetes-how-to-use-this-ayurverdic-wonder-to-manage-blood-sugar-levels-1909267
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•Just a few from google search
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